About ether
by Goran Marianović*
Electrical Engineer
Project SB Research Group
International Scientific Nikola Tesla's Heritage Research Center
Belgrade, Serbia
*http://www.teslascalar.com/en_galerija.html,
"Energy Density Quantization model", http://users.beotel.net/~gmarjanovic/
Abstract - Based on the results of the famous Michelson Morley experiment, it was concluded that ether does not exist. In our opinion, this premature decision was wrong. The elimination of ether from science had a huge impact on the development of science and the inability of existing theories to explain a series of phenomena of contemporary experimental reality. A number of modern M-M experiment analyzes suggest that the results should be interpreted only as that there is no evidence for the motion of the aether but in no case that ether does not exist. Reasons for negative result could be the insufficient sensitivity of the equipment used, inadequate applied method, interactivity of ether and matter etc. - and the question of the existence of ether should have been left for the next researches.
Fortunately, the latest theoretical investigations points to the correlations between the aether and dark energy (e.g.: “Einstein-aether theory and possible alternative to dark energy model”, §[9.9]), and many renowned scientific institutes have experimental confirmation that Ether drift is detectable and has been detected.
These the newest theoretical investigations and measuring could greatly influence to the improvement of modern theories.
In this paper is given a brief summary of the aether science's history, medieval and modern researchers estimations of its basic parameters. Corrections proposed enrich the validity of contemporary theories, reaffirm the ideas of Nikola Tesla and the interpretation of his ethereal Technology returns to a scientific framework which makes their feasibility become more certain.
Keywords - Ether, Aether, Michelson Morley, Maxwell, Hertz, Tesla, Einstein, Relativity, Dark energy, Torsion fields.
Introduction
The importance of the most controversial element: a "zero" element, from the “Original Periodic System” of Dmitry Mendeleev, placed in the zero column and zero row (section 2 in [1]), about which we are not learned at school, which he called "Newtonium" in honor of the immortal Newton, and represents "the most important and fastest element in nature: ETHER" - can not be overemphasized.
The reason is very simple.
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According to modern science EM waves propagate by themselves without the need for a MATERIAL medium as its carrier and without any connection with the source of its origin (see sections 4, 5 in [1]).
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According to Nikola Tesla EM waves are complex vibrations of the Ether - MATERIAL substance which is the perfect fluid of special quality, which behaves as a solid to light (high frequency} and is transparent to matter, while it's effects can be felt through inertia (see section 1.5 in [1]).
Hence - the main problem of understanding the extremely advanced ideas of Nikola Tesla is a great difference in the interpretation of the structure of nature and elemental mechanism of electromagnetic waves propagation.
My opinion is completely identical to all those who believe that electrodynamics without ether is equally wrong as it would be the fluid mechanics without fluid!" [2].
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History of the ether [3]
According to ancient science aether, also spelled æther or ether is the material that fills the region of the universe above the terrestrial sphere. The concept of aether was used in several theories to explain several natural phenomena, such as the traveling of light and gravity. In the late 19th century, physicists postulated that aether permeated all throughout space, providing a medium through which light could travel.
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Mythological origins [3]
The word αἰθήρ (aithēr) in Homeric Greek means "pure, fresh air" or "clear sky". In Greek mythology, it was thought to be the pure essence that the gods breathed, filling the space where they lived, analogous to the air breathed by mortals.
Medieval concept of the cosmos is based on five elements. The innermost spheres are the terrestrial spheres, while the outer are made of aether and contain the celestial bodies.
Plato mentions that "there is the most translucent kind which is called aether but otherwise he adopted the classical system of four elements.
In his Book “On the Heavens” Aristotle introduced a new element to the system of the classical elements of Ionian philosophy (earth, water, fire, and air or dry, wet, hot, and cold). He noted that the four terrestrial classical elements were subject to change and naturally moved linearly. The new element however, located in the celestial regions and heavenly bodies, moved circularly and had none of the qualities the terrestrial classical elements had. It was neither hot nor cold, neither wet nor dry. With this addition the system of elements was extended to five and later commentators started referring to the new one as the fifth element called it aether.
With the 18th century physics developments, physical models known as "aether theories" made use of a similar concept for the explanation of the propagation of electromagnetic and gravitational forces. As early as the 1670s, Newton used the idea of aether to help match observations to strict mechanical rules of his physics.
These aether theories are considered to be scientifically obsolete, as the special relativity and modified version of Maxwell equations (see 4, 5 in [1]) do not require the aether for the transmission of these forces. However, Einstein himself – as well as J.C. Maxwell in his original work - noted that his own model which replaced these theories could itself be thought of as an aether, as it implied that the empty space between objects had its own physical properties.
Despite the early modern aether models being superseded by general relativity, occasionally some physicists have attempted to reintroduce the concept of aether in an attempt to address perceived deficiencies in current physical models. One proposed model of dark energy has been named "quintessence" by its proponents, in honor of the classical element. This idea relates to the hypothetical form of dark energy postulated as an explanation of observations of an accelerating universe. It has also been called a fifth fundamental force.
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Aether and light [3]
The use of aether to describe motion of light was popular during the 17th and 18th centuries, including a theory proposed by Johann II Bernoulli, who was recognized in 1736 with the prize of the French Academy. In his theory, all space is permeated by aether containing "excessively small whirlpools". These whirlpools allow for aether to have a certain elasticity, transmitting vibrations from the corpuscular packets of light as they travel through.
This theory of luminiferous aether would influence the wave theory of light proposed by Christiaan Huygens, in which light traveled in the form of longitudinal waves via an "omnipresent, perfectly elastic medium having zero density, called aether". At the time, it was thought that in order for light to travel through a vacuum, there must have been a medium filling the void through which it could propagate, as sound through air or ripples in a pool.
Later, when the nature of light and EM waves in general, were explained as transversal-vectorial instead of longitudinal-scalar (4, 5 in [1]), Huygens' theory was replaced by subsequent theories which rejected the existence and necessity of aether to explain the various optical phenomena. These theories were supported by the results of the Michelson–Morley experiment in which evidence for the motion of aether was conclusively absent. The results of this experiment influenced many physicists and modern theories.
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Aether and gravitation [3]
Aether has been used in various gravitational theories as a medium to help explain gravitation and what causes it. It was used in one of Sir Isaac Newton's first published theories of gravitation, “Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica” (the Principia). He based the whole description of planetary motions on a theoretical law of dynamic interactions between distant bodies by introducing a mechanism of propagation through an intervening medium. He calls this intervening medium aether. In his aether model, Newton describes aether as a medium that "FLOWS" continually DOWNWARD toward the Earth's surface and is partially absorbed and partially diffused.
This theory described different aether densities, creating an aether density gradient. His theory also explains that aether was dense within objects and rare without them. As particles of denser aether interacted with the rare aether they were attracted back to the dense aether much like cooling vapors of water are attracted back to each other to form water …
THE ABSOLUTE CONSISTENCY of this Newton's interpretation with the explanations given in ancient Vedic scripts (7,8,9 in [1]) indicates the extraordinary intuitive power of the great Newton.
Although Newton eventually changed his theory of gravitation to one involving force and the laws of motion, his starting point for the modern understanding and explanation of gravity came from his original aether model on gravitation.
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Longitudinal etheric vibrations in my previous papers
Bearing in mind great accordance of Nikola Tesla’s explication of the "Non-Hertzian waves" phenomenon he was utilize in his researches (“Nikola Tesla's Ether technology”, [1]), as well as his interpretations of experimental settings forms and structure of energy processes that took place in the used apparatus with:
- the original Dmitry Mendeleyev interpretations of Nature (§ 2, [1]),
- Anatoly F. Ohatrin Theory of microlepton fields (§ 3, [1])
- the original version of Maxwell's theory (§ 4, 5, [1])
- Vladimir LJ. Bychkov equations of hydrodynamics analogous
to the macroscopic electrodynamics (§ 6, [1])
- the axiomatic principles of Sankhya (§ 7, 8, 9, [1])
- EDQM postulates (§ 10, [1])
- modern astrophysical research (§ 11, [1])
It is absolutely indisputable that Tesla's "non-Hertzian" waves exist. Their parameters and properties can be determined by the synthesis of insights outlined in Sections 1-11 in [1] and, in particular in section 10 in [1], according to the expected values of the EDQM for the "Stable Object" of the quantization level k=9, named "Teslion", which makes the future of TESLA’S ETHER TECHNOLOGIES much more certain!
Previously presented statement in the text [4] (“Brilliance of magnificent Tesla technology”) that Tesla - thanks to his intuition and aspiration towards perfection – succeeded to harmonize his "Magnifying Transmitter", both with macro and with a micro structure, is in full accordance with this opinion. In other words, Tesla succeed to perfectly harmonize vibrations form of his machine with both - the "external" and the "internal" sequentially-simultaneous mechanisms of the Linga/Bhava transformation with Abhiman/Ahankar interface states. Accordingly, Nikola Tesla’s statement that he uses “disturbed charge of ground and air method” (June 5, [5]) gets a much deeper meaning - completely analogous to the "stress transmigration" term used according to Sathwa-Raja-Thama-Guna principles !!!
Summarizing all of the above, in my opinion, it is completely beyond doubt that Tesla's "non-Hertzian" waves
are the really existing ethereal vibrations, "potential transfer" or "substrates stress transmigration", ..., and I firmly believe that the latest scientific knowledge combined with ancient Vedic wisdom and unconventional theoretical considerations presented in the EDQ Model - helps us to perceive the size and the depth of the Nikola Tesla knowledge and to get insight in the true brilliance, the magnificence and significance of his technologies for the future of our civilization.
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Modern researchers about ether [6]
Robert B. Laughlin, Nobel Laureate in Physics, endowed chair in physics, Stanford University, had this to say about ether in contemporary theoretical physics:
“It is ironic that Einstein's most creative work, the general theory of relativity, should boil down to conceptualizing space as a medium when his original premise [in special relativity] was that no such medium existed [..] The word 'ether' has extremely negative connotations in theoretical physics because of its past association with opposition to relativity. This is unfortunate because, stripped of these connotations, it rather nicely captures the way most physicists actually think about the vacuum …
Relativity actually says nothing about the existence or nonexistence of matter pervading the universe, only that any such matter must have relativistic symmetry. [..] It turns out that such matter exists. About the time relativity was becoming accepted, studies of radioactivity began showing that the empty vacuum of space had spectroscopic structure similar to that of ordinary quantum solids and fluids. Subsequent studies with large particle accelerators have now led us to understand that space is more like a piece of window glass than ideal Newtonian emptiness. It is filled with 'stuff' that is normally transparent but can be made visible by hitting it sufficiently hard to knock out a part. The modern concept of the vacuum of space, confirmed every day by experiment, is a relativistic ether. But we do not call it this because it is taboo” [7].
According to the philosophical point of view of Einstein, Dirac, Bell, de Broglie, Maxwell, Newton and other theorists, there might be a medium with physical properties filling 'empty' space, an aether, enabling the observed physical processes.
Albert Einstein in 1894 or 1895: "The velocity of a wave is proportional to the square root of the elastic forces which cause [its] propagation, and inversely proportional to the mass of the aether moved by these forces." [8].
Albert Einstein in 1920: "We may say that according to the general theory of relativity space is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense, therefore, there exists an Aether. According to the general theory of relativity space without Aether is unthinkable; for in such space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility of existence for standards of space and time (measuring-rods and clocks), nor therefore any space-time intervals in the physical sense. But this Aether may not be thought of as endowed with the quality characteristic of ponderable media, as consisting of parts which may be tracked through time. The idea of motion may not be applied to it." [9].
Paul Dirac wrote in 1951: "Physical knowledge has advanced much since 1905, notably by the arrival of quantum mechanics, and the situation [about the scientific plausibility of Aether] has again changed. If one examines the question in the light of present-day knowledge, one finds that the Aether is no longer ruled out by relativity, and good reasons can now be advanced for postulating an Aether ... We have now the velocity at all points of space-time, playing a fundamental part in electrodynamics. It is natural to regard it as the velocity of some real physical thing. Thus with the new theory of electrodynamics [vacuum filled with virtual particles] we are rather forced to have an Aether". [10]
John Bell in 1986, interviewed by Paul Davies in "The Ghost in the Atom" [11] has suggested that an Aether theory might help resolve the EPR paradox by allowing a reference frame in which signals go faster than light. He suggests Lorentz contraction is perfectly coherent, not inconsistent with relativity, and could produce an aether theory perfectly consistent with the Michelson-Morley experiment. Bell suggests the aether was wrongly rejected on purely philosophical grounds: "what is unobservable does not exist" [p. 49]. Besides the arguments based on his interpretation of quantum mechanics, Bell also suggests resurrecting the aether because it is a useful pedagogical device. That is, many problems are solved more easily by imagining the existence of an aether.
Ioan-Iovitz Popescu, in 1982, wrote that the aether is "a form of existence of the matter, but it differs qualitatively from the common (atomic and molecular) substance or radiation (photons)". The fluid aether is "governed by the principle of inertia and its presence produces a modification of the space-time geometry" [12].
Built upon Le Sage's ultra-mundane corpuscles, Popescu's theory posits a finite Universe "filled with some particles of exceedingly small mass, traveling chaotically at speed of light" and material bodies "made up of such particles called etherons". [13].
The laboratory of eng. Marianovic
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Space and time in ancient Vedic scripts [14, 15]
It's really more than a fantastic fact that the modern scientific researchers describe an ether in an almost identical way as the axiomatic principles outlined in the ancient Vedic script "Sankhya Karika" aged over 30 000 years [14].
According to the Sankhyan definitions given in [15], “the smallest time change” has the value Tp:
that is almost identical to a modern definition of Planck time = 5.391*10-44 s.
Smallest, rigid and coherent displacement Lp is equal to Tp*Cs = 1.689*10-35, and is amazingly close to the modern-day value of the Planck Length = 1.61*10-35 m !
7.1 Definition of C: Sankhya is a unified field theory based on a Perpetually, Harmonic, Oscillatory state (PHO) forming the dynamic base for all manifestation. The constant PHO oscillating frequency in space is derived by the factor 2/(x-1/2) = 8.47214 /x=golden mean/ as the log value to the cyclic base of 10 cycles. Hence Cs = 108.47214 = 296 575 966 cycles per second of ten cycles as the axiomatic, constant oscillatory cyclic rate of interactions in space. This value corresponds to the concept of the speed of light in contemporary physics (299 792 458 m/s).
7.2 Definition of Mly: Moolaprakrithi is the smallest interactive component of the Purusha. The coherent Purusha state or black hole of maximum mass or inertia or delay or “static” state per cycle is Kx.
(Kx = 0.9149879388). In essence, Mly is the smallest cycle or the shortest possible count per interaction. Simultaneous colliding or instant interaction between two such states is C3*2 = C6 = 6.8*1050. Not more than two states can act simultaneously to equal C6 (G.M, volumetric vibrations: up, down, left, right, front, back). Kx being the ultimate state of coherent activity then the ratio Kx / C6 gives the Mly value or the smallest cycle or the shortest possible count per interaction. Hence Moolaprakrithi Mly=Kx/c6 = 1.344*10-51.
From [15]: interval less than Tp seconds, the components in space act as a continuum as the interactive stress density is at its maximum. Therefore the components in space will behave as a solid or rigid or incompressible object of length Lp meters in an interactive cycle of C interactions per second.
This ancient vedic statement reminds greatly to the properties of the ether described by the modern researchers given in section 6. However, it is even more interesting that Sankhya defines value DD:
That is “The critical volumetric density” of interactive stresses in space is the vital parameter that sustains the Perpetual Harmonic Oscillatory state everywhere in space. DD= MU/RU3 = 3.63*10-25 kg/m = 3.63*10-28 g/cm3 (MU=Mass of Universe=7.81711993*1052 kg, RU=Space radial count=5.99334*1025 m [15]).
In contemporary physics, “Critical Universe density” [16] is calculated to be: ρ = 9.47*10-27 kg/m3 ~ 10-26 kg/m3 = 10-29 g/cm3.
Of this critical density, ordinary matter (baryonic matter) is thought to make up only about 4%. This baryonic matter is equivalent to about 1 hydrogen atom per 4 cubic meters of space.
As we already mentioned in section 2, concept of aether is reintroduced in current physical models via term of the dark energy. One proposed model of dark energy named "quintessence” is a hypothetical form of dark energy, more precisely a scalar field, postulated as an explanation of the observation of an accelerating rate of expansion of the universe.
The average density of dark matter near the solar system [17] is approximately 1 proton-mass for every 3 cubic centimeters, which is roughly 6*10-28 kg/cm3 = 6*10-31 g/cm3. The actual density might be a little lower or higher, but this is the right order of magnitude. Dark matter is not distributed uniformly in space. The galaxy is embedded in a large cloud of dark matter, and gravity makes this cloud denser in the center than at the edges. The density varies slowly over many light years distance.
Anyway, values of the average density of dark matter defined by contemporary scientist are very close to the DD value, defined by ancients as “Space critical density” which is crucial for maintaining the Perpetual Oscillatory State of the (G.M. eteric) substrate!
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Nikola Tesla radio Theories
In his interview given in September 1929 [18], Tesla said:
“Wireless power transmission is impractical with present apparatus. This conclusion will be naturally reached by any one who recognizes the nature of the agent by which the impulses are transmitted in present wireless practice. When Dr. Heinrich Hertz undertook his experiments from 1887 to 1889 his object was to demonstrate a theory postulating a medium filling all space, called the ether, which was structureless, of inconceivable tenuity and yet solid and possessed of rigidity incomparably greater than that of the hardest steel. He obtained certain results and the whole world acclaimed them as an experimental verification of that cherished theory. But in reality what he observed tended to prove just its fallacy.
I had maintained for many years before that such a medium as supposed could not exist, and that we must rather accept the view that all space is filled with a gaseous substance. On repeating the Hertz experiments with much improved and very powerful apparatus, I satisfied myself that what he had observed was nothing else but effects of longitudinal waves in a gaseous medium, that is to say, waves, propagated by alternate compression and expansion. He had observed waves in the ether much of the nature of sound waves in the air.
Up to 1896, however, I did not succeed in obtaining a positive experimental proof of the existence of such a medium. But in that year I brought out a new form of vacuum tube capable of being charged to any desired potential, and operated it with effective pressures of about 4,000,000 volts. I produced cathodic and other rays of transcending intensity. The effects, according to my view, were due to minute particles of matter carrying enormous electrical charges, which, for want of a better name, I designated as matter not further decomposable. Subsequently those particles were called electrons. …
One of the first striking observations made with my tubes was that a purplish glow for several feet around the end of the tube was formed, and I readily ascertained that it was due to the escape of the charges of the particles as soon as they passed out into the air; for it was only in a nearly perfect vacuum that these charges could be confined to them. The coronal discharge proved that there must be a medium besides air in the space, composed of particles immeasurably smaller than those of air, as otherwise such a discharge would not be possible. On further investigation I found that this gas was so light that a volume equal to that of the earth would weigh only about one-twentieth of a pound.
Regarding that 1 pound is 453,592 g, and Earth Radius Rz=6 371 000 00 cm, => m = 453,59/20 = 22.6796 g, and Vz = 1.08*1027 cm3 , so density of Tesla’s (etheric) gaseous medium:
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ρ,Eth,Tesla = 2*10-26 g/cm3,
Regarding Energy Density Quantization model [19] postulates appropriate quantum level for Tesla’s gaseous medium is: k = log/3 = -25.67/3 =-8.56 - which corresponds to the energy density between the "Stable objects" quantum levels of k = -8 that is Galaxy and quantum level k = -9 belonging to the Galaxy clusters.
In other words – Nikola Tesla's practical measurements and estimations of his “gaseous ether” density are very close to both ancient and modern estimates of this controversial "ethereal" fluid.
According to EDQM to postulates, all phenomena of Reality exist in their manifested form and simultaneously in their "inverse” (“Space-Time-Energy") form. Regarding this fact, it is really more than interesting that the inverse value of the Tesla's (etheric) gas medium density (k = -8.56) is very close (k = + 8.56) to the "stable object" of quantum level k = + 9 which, according to the postulates of EDQM, belongs to "Tesla's Waves" and/or “Teslion” as their corpuscular analogue [20].
Well-known Tesla's statement: "light can be nothing else than a sound wave in the ether" (§1.4 in [1]) certainly was the basis of his mathematical analysis of the density of the ether [18]:
"The velocity of any sound wave depends on a certain ratio between elasticity and density, and for this ether or universal gas the ratio is 800,000,000,000 times greater than for air. This means that the velocity of the sound waves propagated through the ether is about 900,000 times greater than that of the sound waves in air, which travel at approximately 1,085 feet a second. Consequently the speed in ether is 900,000 x 1,085 feet, or 186,000 miles, and that is the speed of light. Regarding air density (0.001225 g/cm3) and sound/ether ratio, Tesla calculated the theoretical value of the ether density: ρ,Eth,Tesla, Theor = 1.9*10-27 g/cm3!
Obviously Tesla's theoretical value of the ether density is very close to the value he obtained by measuring (ρ,Eth,Tesla = 2*10-26 g/cm3) ! What to say except: Magnificent Tesla !
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Other researchers estimations of ether parameters
9.1 An Attempt Towards A Chemical Conception Of The Ether by Dmitri Mendeleev, http://bourabai.kz/mendeleev/ether.html:
“But since ether possesses so great a penetrative power that it passes through every envelope, it is, of course, impossible to experimentally determine its mass in a given amount o other substances, or the weight of a given volume of ether. We ought, therefore, not to speak of the imponderability of ether, but only of the impossibility of weighing it. …
The only addition made is to ascribe to ether the properties of a gas, like argon and helium utterly incapable of entering into true chemical combination. This point lies at the basis of our investigation into the chemical nature of ether, and includes the following two fundamental propositions: (1), that the ether is the lightest (in this respect ultimate) gas, and is endowed with a high penetrating power, which signifies that its particles have, relatively to other gases, small weight and extremely high velocity, and (2), that ether is a simple body (element) incapable of entering into combination or reaction with other elements or compounds, although capable of penetrating their substance, just as helium, argon, and their analogues are soluble in water and other liquids. …
Hence the atomic weight of x (Here x and y stand for two unknown elements having atomic weights less than that of hydrogen, whose discovery I now look for.) as the lightest elementary gas, permeating space and performing the part of the ether, must be within the limits (formula II) of 0.000,000,96 and 0.000,000,000,053, if that of H = 1.”
So, atomic weight of Ether is between 5.3*10-11 and 9.6*10-7 times Hydrogen mass:
Mean value is: sqrt(5.3*10-11 * 9.6*10-7) = 7.1*10-9. Hydrogen mass: 1.67*10-27 kg;
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Mendeleev’s “atomic weight of ether = MMenEt = 7.1*10-9 * 1.67*10-27 = 1.19*-35 kg
9.2.1 Lord Kelvin, V.Thomson, Aether, http://evgars.com/aeph.htm:
“The mass of one m3 of Aether), according to Lord Kelvin (V.Thomson), weighs ~ 10 -16 grams,
while one m3 of water weighs 106 grams, one m3 of hydrogen weighs 90 grams”
9.2.2 Encyclopedia Britannica/Aether,https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Aether
Lord Kelvin: density of the aether must exceed 10−18
Kelvin/Thomson ether density: ~ 10-16 g/m3 = 10-22 g/cm3
9.3 The Weight of the Vacuum: A Scientific History of Dark Energy,https://books.google.rs/books?isbn=3642550908
“The energy density of Lodge’s ether, if transformed to a mass density by means of E = mc2, corresponded to about 10,000 tons cm−3. In a later chapter on the possible granular structure of the ether, he repeated the estimate of 1030 to 1033 erg cm−3, adding that “the ether may quite well contain a linear dimension of the order 10−30 to 10−33 cm.” (Lodge 1920, p. 171). Although not more than a curiosity, it is worth pointing out that the linear dimension of Lodge’s ether happened to be in the same range as what would later become known as the Planck length,
The ether was sometimes thought of as a very tenuous, primordial gas, perhaps consisting of ether atoms of the incredibly small mass 10−45 g.
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Lodge’s ether mass ~ 10-45 g
9.4 Maxwell’s Density of aether, http://ether.wikiext.org/wiki/Maxwell_1877_en
“If we take Pouillet's estimate of 1.7633 as the number of grammecentigrade units of heat produced by direct sunlight falling on a square centimeter in a minute, this is equivalent to 1.234x106 ergs per second. Dividing this by 3.004x1010, the velocity of light in centimeters per second, we get for the energy in a cubic centimeter 4.1x10-6 ergs. Near the sun the energy in a cubic centimeter would be about 46.000 times this, or 1.886 ergs. If we further assume, with Sir W. Thomson, that the amplitude is not more than one hundredth of the wave-length, we have Ap = 2π/100 , or about 1/16 ; so that we have
Maxwell’s density of aether = ρ = 9.36*10-19g/cm3.”
When Maxwell presented his Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field to the Royal Society in 1864 [21], an essential part of his theory was that: “there is an ethereal medium filling space and permeating bodies, capable of being set in motion and of transmitting that motion from one part to another, and of communicating that motion to gross matter so as to heat it and affect it in various ways”.
9.5 Microleptons, Anatolij Fedorovich Ohatrin, https://www.liveinternet.ru/users/valentin_tsmakaliuk/post130059289/
All the objects of the material world are surrounded by and filled with super-lightweight particles- Microleptons. All environment and living systems are soaked with them. These particles carry information about the composition and structure of the substantial body. For them there are no physical barriers. Heavy and inert mass depend on the density and temperature of the microleptonic gas in it. If microleptonic gas - in any way – is removed from the masses - the body loses weight! Microleptons are elementary particles that form a weak-field. They have the characteristics inherent in torsion, axial and spin fields. Fulfills all environment and the land, water and air and the cosmos, ..., have a mass of 10-39 to 10-44 kg!
As a curiosity we emphasize the fact that, according to the EDQ model, Stable object k9, that represents the “Tesla waves” quantum carrier, has a rest mass with expected value of about: 1.6*10-47 kg !
Microleptons mass> 10-39 to 10-44 kg!
9.6 PRINCIPLES OF THE THEORY OF VORTEX GRAVITATION, S. A. Orlov, Petrozavodsk State University, https://arxiv.org/ftp/astro-ph/papers/0410/0410365.pdf\
Cosmic space is filled with a cosmic matter (ether) which forms an infinite spatial system of torsion vortexes. The physical characteristics of the ether are [22]:
S.A. Orlov density – 8,85*10-12 kg/m3 = 8.85*10-15 g/cm3
pressure 2*1032 Pa, temperature 7*10-51 К. (G.M: ether is colder than Universe !?)
9.7 About fluid parameters, V. Bychkov, [23],
“… 6. About fluid parameters.
In this section, we will consider issues related to the type of energy density in a hydrodynamic fluid, as well as what parameters it can satisfy in order to realize the analogy between hydrodynamics and electrodynamics.
… Thus, we obtained the parameters of the hydrodynamic medium in which hydrodynamic analogs of electrodynamic phenomena are realized. …”
Hydrodynamic analog of electrodynamic phenomena: 210-6 kg/m3 = 2*10-9 g/cm3
9.8 SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS), New Theory of the Aether, T.J.J., http://adsbit.harvard.edu/full/1920AN....211...49S
“… Exact Calculation shows the elastic power of the aether to be 689 321 600 000 times greater than that of our air in proportion to its density: Thus it can not be disrupted by any known force, and only the quick action of dynamite will generate waves in it.” …
Density of the aether at the sun surface = 2*10-18 g/cm3
Density of the aether at the earth surface = 4,38*10-16 g/cm3
9.9 Physics Letters B, Einstein-aether theory as an alternative to dark energy model, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269312002882
“In the generalized Einstein-aether theories by taking a special form of the Lagrangian density of aether field, the possibility of Einstein-aether theory as an alternative to dark energy model is discussed in detail, that is, taking a special aether field as a dark energy candidate” …
9.9.1 Dark Energy,http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Astro/dareng.html
If we take the WMAP (The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) value for critical density
ρc,0 = 9.47*10-27 kg/m3 and presume that dark energy makes up about 73% of that, then the effective density of the dark energy would amount to just over 4 hydrogen atoms in a cubic meter of space:
density of the dark energy: 0.73*9.47*10-27 kg/m3 ~ 7*10-30 g/cm3
10 Ether (wind) detection
The Michelson–Morley experiment (“M-M”) was performed between April and July 1887 by Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley [24]. It compared the speed of light in perpendicular directions, in an attempt to detect the relative motion of matter through the stationary luminiferous aether ("aether wind"). The result was negative, in that Michelson and Morley found no significant difference between the speed of light in the direction of movement through the presumed aether.
We have to strongly emphasize here that the negative result of the "M-M" experiment should in no way be the reason for negating the existence of ether as XIX century-scientist have done and modern science supports. The first reason is the possibility of insufficient sensitivity of the used apparatus. The second is the interactivity of ether with the material detectors, and the third – compatibility of the real nature of the light and applied experimental setting.
“M-M” experiment did not really clarify the nature of light. Two hundred years earlier, Newton had suggested that light consists of tiny energized particles that bounce off objects and are detected by our eyes and Robert Hooke, on the other hand, thought that light must be a kind of wave, like sound.
At last, different scientific considerations, led to the notion that light is a wave. When a sound wave propagates, it needs some medium to pass through, like air, water, metal, etc. If light is a wave like sound then what medium it passes through? Regarding science EM waves does not need no one material supstrate to propagate as sea waves require sea water …
However, it is much more logical and natural to suppose that light must be moving through some (mysterious) material, which was called "ether", surrounding and permeating everything …
10.1 Ether can be observed experimentally, Demjanov, http://ether-noo.narod.ru/
The measurements made in the end of 1960-ies and beginning of 1970-ies years at interferometers of the Michelson type with gaseous, liquid and solid optical light carriers appeared to be positive in principle (i.e. detecting "aether wind"). ...
All details of these experiments are reported at above site.
10.2 Successful Search for Ether Drift in a Modified Michelson Morley, Experiment Using the GPS, Stephan J. G. Gift , http://www.rxiv.org/pdf/1201.0058v1.pdf
Abstract: Ether drift resulting from the rotation of the Earth has been detected. This was accomplished using GPS technology in a modified Michelson-Morley experiment.
10.3 The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Ether Detected, https://www.scientificexploration.org/docs/20/jse_20_2_gift.pdf
4. Conclusion: Ether drift is detectable and has been detected.
10.4 Summary of Ether drift experiments measuring our velocity in Absolute space,
http://www.helical-structures.org/new_evidences/modern-ether-drift-exp/ether-drift-exp.pdf
10.5 Dayton Miller's Ether-Drift, Experiments: A Fresh Look by James DeMeo, Ph.D., http://www.orgonelab.org/miller.htm
“Miller would today be cited in every physics textbook as having "proved the ether did not exist", and nobody would refer to Michelson-Morley. The fact that the present-day situation is totally opposite.”
Dayton Miller [25] performed over 326,000 turns of interferometer with 16 readings each one, so - more than 5,200,000 measurements. They showed what appeared to be a small amount of drift, about 9 km/s = 1/3 of the velocity of the earth around the sun …
11 Conclusion:
Having in mind all the foregoing, I personally do not have the slightest doubt that ether (or luminiferous aether) exists.
Bearing in mind all the estimations of the values that characterize the ether phenomenon, presented in sections 7, 8 and 9, defined in the past, including the insights of ancient but also modern estimations - the ether parameters are most likely suitable to the amounts obtained by the averaging of all presented values, that are not pretty close but are relatively similar - and are defined by axiomatic the principles of Sankhya, Tesla's theoretical predictions and practical measurements, the postulated values of the EDQ Model, Mendeleev's considerations, non-typical researchers, such as A.Ohatrin, and contemporary theoretical analysis of SA Orlova, dr. V.Bickov and proponents of the correlation between ether and dark matter/energy.
Consequently, Tesla's "Non-Hertzian" ether Technologies [1] become an achievable segment of our Reality.
To what extent is the ether structure related to the modern-scientific substitution for this phenomenon - to “quintessence”, hypothetical form of dark energy, more precisely a scalar field, fifth fundamental force, postulated as an explanation of the observation of an accelerating rate of expansion of the universe – is not as significant as it is reaffirmation of the essence of the EM interactions structure interpretation. Are they only vibrations in the electric and magnetic field or vibrations of material fluid ?
In physics, an electromagnetic field is a physical field produced by electrically charged objects and a field is a physical quantity, represented by a number or tensor, that has a value for each point in space and time. From the perspective of quantum field theory, the field is seen as quantized, being composed of hypothetical particles as excited states (also called quanta) of their underlying fields, which are—in a sense—more fundamental than the basic particles - subatomic particles (in particle physics) and quasiparticles (in condensed matter physics).
It is quite obvious that modern physics, by its development, approaches to its initial theoretical settings and, the most interestingly, to the ancient teachings. All this points to necessity that science "have to return a few steps backward" and correct several, perhaps unintentionally but hastily made decisions:
1) According to Hypothesis 3 of EDQM [26] - original value of Maxwell's constant – as a REAL theoretical limit of the EM interaction propagation velocity; should be restored in the Lorentz transformations used in the General and Special Theory of relativity;
Result: photon can have a real rest mass as all other nuclear corpuscles …
2) Maxwell's equations should be restored to its original format that contained the scalar component;
Result: Tesla’s Technologies can be understood and explained much better than with contemporary version.
3) EM phenomenology should be promoted in the form of volumetric vibrations, i.e. 3-dimensional disturbances of ether - apropos its spatial density changes which implies and involves its alternating compressions and rarefactions so that the axial inward/outward changes predetermine their longitudinal-transversal-torsion-vortex pattern and thus a scientifically-detectable form of vibration;
Result: many peudo scientific and experimentally verified phenomenon’s as torsion field etc can be explained.
4) The "superluminal" velocity property that characterize longitudinal etheric vibrations, described in the original Maxwell theory form, should be linked to the "phase changes" transmigration within the "quasi-particle" substrate (quantum field e.g.…);
Result: all valid theories remain preserved and the EPR effect becomes easily and logically explicable.
Suggested corrections and supplements do not violate the existing transverse-vectorial (Hertzian) form of EM interaction but only enriches it with its natural longitudinal (Non-Hertzian) and vortical component ([2]).
In this way, all Nikola Tesla’s ideas and his Technology explanations are coming back to the science framework and thus its feasibility becomes more certain. Consequently, all controversial ideas of this proven intuitive genius becomes attainable, and numerous different "pseudo-scientific" terms such as teleportation, antigravity, inertia, zero-point energy and the like becomes much more acceptable. [4]
In Belgrade, November 29, 2018 Goran Marjanović, BscE
REFERENCES:
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“Nikola Tesla's Ether technology”, http://users.beotel.net/~gmarjanovic/EtarTehNT_e.pdf
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“Nehercijanski val Nikole Tesle”, https://fr.scribd.com/document/347436178/Nehercijanski-val-Nikole-Tesle
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Aether (classical element), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)
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“Brilliance of magnificent Tesla technology”, http://users.beotel.net/~gmarjanovic/TeSan_Harm_e.pdf
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Nikola Tesla Colorado Springs Notes 1899-1900, http://www.shamanicengineering.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Nikola-Tesla-Colorado-Springs-Notes-1899-1900.pdf
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Aether theories, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aether_theories
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Laughlin, Robert B. (2005). A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down. NY, NY: Basic Books. pp. 120–121. ISBN 978-0-465-03828-2.
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Albert Einstein's 'First' Paper (1894 or 1895), http://www.straco.ch/papers/Einstein%20First%20Paper.pdf
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Einstein, Albert: "Ether and the Theory of Relativity" (1920), republished in Sidelights on Relativity (Methuen, London, 1922)
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Dirac, Paul: "Is there an Aether?", Nature 168 (1951), p. 906.
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“The Ghost in the Atom: A Discussion of the Mysteries of Quantum Physics”, Published April 1st 2010 by Cambridge University Press (first published 1986)
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Duursma, Egbert (Ed.) (2015-04-24). Etherons as predicted by Ioan-Iovitz Popescu in 1982. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1511906371.
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de Climont, Jean (2016-05-24). The Worldwide List of Alternative Theories and Critics. Formerly: The Worldwide List of Dissidents Scientists. Editions d'Assailly. ISBN 978-2902425174.
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True Tesla: "Ideas of the old Vedas and the work of Nikola Tesla", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnJ6UWlv9PM
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Secret Of Sankhya, http://www.kapillavastu.com/uploads/SecretofSankhyaAcmeofAxiomaticUnification.pdf
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Density Parameter, Ω, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Astro/denpar.html
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DARK MATTER IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM, http://cdms.berkeley.edu/Education/DMpages/FAQ/question36.html
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New York Herald Tribune, September 22, 1929, http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1929-09-22.htm
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Energy Density Quantization model, http://users.beotel.net/~gmarjanovic/
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G.Marjanovic, "Prostor, vreme, materija", © 198./1993; "Teslini Talasi i Teslion kao njihov kvant nosilac", © 26./2001.
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Maxwell JC (1865) A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 155: 459–512, https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/space-time-and-aether-.php?aid=81157
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Atsukovski V A. General Etherodynamics (Moscow, 1990)
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Бычков В. Л. О ГИДРОДИНАМИЧЕСКИХ АНАЛОГИЯХ МЕЖДУ УРАВНЕНИЯМИ КЛАССИЧЕСКОЙ ГИДРО-ДИНАМИКИ И ЭЛЕКТРОДИНАМИКИ В ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИИ.ХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ФИЗИКА, 2014, том 33, № 3
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Michelson–Morley experiment, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment
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Dayton Miller, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Miller
-
Hypothesis 3 of EDQM, http://users.beotel.net/~gmarjanovic/objdens.html#h3
Magnetoteluric and electrodynamics research, April 2017, the mission "Rtanj", Serbia
by Goran Marianović
Electrical Engineer
Project SB Research Group
International Scientific Nikola Tesla's Heritage Research Center
Belgrade, Serbia
Introduction
"Rtanj" is a mountain situated in eastern Serbia, approximately 200 km southeast of Belgrade. It belongs to the Serbian Carpathians. Its highest peak is Šiljak (1,565 m), a natural phenomenon of karsts terrain. A widely known traditional product of Rtanj is the "Rtanj tea", made from herbal of winter savory. It is celebrated for its antiseptic and aromatic properties, and is allegedly an aphrodisiac.
According to a legend, the castle of a wizard was situated on the Rtanj Mountain, in which a great treasure was hidden. However, the castle has disappeared over the years - if ever it was there - and now, on the top of the Rtanj's highest peak Šiljak, there is the ruins of a little chapel dedicated to St. George. It was built in 1932 by the wife of a former local miner. Today, the chapel is in ruins, as it was partly destroyed by dynamite, when treasure hunters tried to find the hidden gold...
For some New Age believers, the pyramidal shape of the mountain is due to it containing an alien pyramid emitting mystical energies. Likewise, lot of legends about dragons and fireballs as well as testimony about the excursionists meeting with ball lightning (!) can be heard In the vicinity of Rtanj mountain... A mere sight on the mountain, which is in the form of a three-sided pyramid raised abruptly from the plains, causes admiration. These sharp edges nature is hardly able to create without the help of some "intelligence".
Anyway, the facts are these.
The longest edge of the pyramid, that stretches to the north, is three kilometers long, the southwest is a long a kilometer and a half, while the south-east edge stretches up to 750 meters. So, it is obvious that their mutual relationship is 4: 2: 1, and the same occurs in the difference of a three-sided pyramid ending points altitudes. And yet, Rtanj has slope side identical to that on the pyramid dedicated to the Moon in Mexico, as well as its triangular sides angles that match those on the Cheops pyramid!
For me - as a Nikola Tesla Technology expert - most interesting is the fact that Rtanj attitude is exactly 1565 m - that is a number very familiar with Nikola Tesla most controversial machine: “Magnifying transmitter" from Colorado Springs, and its ability to produce a standing waves i.e. a “Scalar Fields”.
That was a main reason to make the “energy fenomena” measurements with the scientific equipment, according to scientific methods.
Measuring equipment:
1. Teslameter TM 40 [H50Hz,nT]
2. Trifield meter, 100XE [H, mG; E, V/m]
3. The digital multimeter Mastech MS8229 [T, oC; Hum, %; Noi, dBrel]
4. HF-broadband amplifier IB Mraz, "E" - probe: rod antennas, L = 30 cm; "H" - Probe: open coil;
5. PC oscilloscope OWON, VDS1022
6. Notebook MSI, Quad Core, Win 8.1
7. S-meter, Bedini version of Dea / Faretto Detector, IB Mraz, [Sc, Ampl., % Deflection]
8. Experimental life energy meter, Heliognosis model LM3, [[Or, Range, Fine, Coarse, % deflection]
Note 1: EM spectrum varies slightly, the signals are changeable in amplitude and frequency, except ordinary signals generated by measuring equipment (Inverter/ Oscilloscope switch + sampling rate, etc).The signals that originate from measuring equipment and devices used during measurements were registered before measuring at selected locations. Vrms value registered by equipment no 5 and 6 should be considered as a relative values, considering that the equipment no 4 was used during the measuring. In case of need, the registered values can be recalculated and expressed as absolute.
Measurement Method:
Magneto Telluric (MT) and Audio Magnet Telluric (AMT) methods /ref. 1/
MT and AMT methods /ref. 1/ are a electromagnetic methods that measures variations in the earth's surface electromagnetic fields at different frequencies.
It samples the electric and magnetic fields in the low (IF-Audio-UF) frequency range. Sources of the MT/AMT signals may be either artificial or natural.
Solar energy and lightning cause natural variations in the earth's magnetic field, inducing electric currents (known as telluric currents) under the Earth's surface. Earth currents arise from both natural and man-made sources, including the magma in the earth’s core and the normal distribution and use of electricity. Combined, these phenomena create strong magneto telluric source signals over the ULF/LF frequency spectrum.
MT measurements can investigate depths down to hundreds of kilometers. Greater depth requires lower measuring frequencies, which in turn requires longer recording times. Very deep, very long-period measurements (mid-crust through upper mantle depths), may require recordings of several days to weeks or more to obtain satisfactory data quality. AMT is a higher-frequency magneto telluric technique for shallower investigations. While AMT has less depth penetration than MT, AMT measurements often take only about one hour to perform (but deep AMT measurements during low-signal strength periods may take up to 24 hours) and use smaller and lighter magnetic sensors.
Magnetic fields in the frequency range of 1 Hz to approximately 20 kHz are part of the audio-magneto telluric (AMT) range. These are parallel to the Earth surface and move towards the Earth's centre. This large frequency band allows for a range of depth penetration from several meters to several kilometers below the Earth's surface. Due to the nature of magneto telluric source, the waves generally fluctuate in amplitude height. Long recording times are needed to ascertain usable reading due to the fluctuations and the low signal strength.
The multidirectional MT sounding, performed on different locations can clearly indicate a different ratio of the electric to magnetic field and theirs phase shifting caused by the different speeds of propagation, pointing in that way to different subsurface areas mechanical, magnetic and electric conductivity, i.e. its anisotropy and in fact - its structure.
Measuring values:
The research include the recording of electromagnetic and mechanical energy spectra, and are performed on magnetotelluric method in the frequency range from extremely low to medium frequencies (25 mHz – 50 kHz) for electric and/or magnetic phenomena.
Measuring of mechanical vibrations covers an area of infrasound, audio and ultrasound range. For these measurements we used the conventional devices numbered as 1. to 6. in the list of measuring equipment.
In addition to these measurements the detection of the presence of scalar fields [10] was performed by "S-meter" (Eq. 7). Investigations of unconventional energy fields, as “Orgone energy” is e.g., was carried out by special alternate energy device (Eq. 8.) that is intended for scientific research into life processes.
Furthermore, at each measuring point control parameters were measured: a) presence and intensity of the "EM smog" caused by power network (50 Hz); strength of the dynamic magnetic (b), dynamic electric (c) fields and radio waves strength (d); temperature (e), humidity (f) and noise (g).
Complete measurement recordings are stored in my database but in this paper we introduce only the most interesting findings just as a illustration of ours analyses and conclusions.
Measurements:
Location 1: "Rtanj, Šiljak, position on the edge of the vertical hole", 09. April 2017, 14.06 h.
Measured values:
H50Hz = 4 nT, H = 0.6 mG, E = 30 V/m, T = 16.4 oC, Hum = 15 %, Noi = - 28 dBrel, Sc = 10,0.5; Or = 100,3,1,100
Note 1: The device for “alternative energy phenomenon’s” measuring (Eq. 8) was reacted a very intensive. This device is calibrated in relative units and therefore is set to "calibrated" sensitivity. Any change (reduction) of sensitivity would reduce possibility of comparing this measurements and measurements performed earlier - at other locations. My impression, for this measuring setup, is that the relative value of “life energy” at this location is several times higher than all so far measured by this apparatus.
Characteristic spectrums
Figure 1, "E" signal in the range 0.1 - 62.5 kHz. A large electrical activity is visible in the area of 17.5 - 33.4 kHz.
Figure 2, "H" signal in the range 0.1 - 62.5 kHz. There is no any significant magnetic activity in the same part of the frequency spectrum.
|
Figure 3, "E" signal in the range 0.1 - 12.5 Hz. Electrical activity with duration of about 6.2 sec was recorded in the interval of 200 sec. |
Figure 4, "E" signal in the range 0.1 - 12.5 Hz. Electrical activity with duration of about 48.4sec and with mean "periodicity" of about 8 sec was recorded in the interval of 200 sec.
Figure 5, "H" signal in the range 0.1 - 12.5 Hz. In this frequency range, during measurements with "H" probe, for the time interval of 3 minutes and 20 seconds, any significant magnetic activity was not observed.
Measurement analysis of ambient fields at the location 1, "Rtanj, Šiljak, position on the edge of the vertical hole":
Measured value of "EM smog" caused by the power network 50 Hz (Eq. 1) H50Hz = 4 nT has a minimal value, which is usual in non-urban areas. This means that all electromagnetic phenomena measurements done with other equipment (Eq. 2 - 8) do not originate from the power energy networks, nor are the result of its actions but are exclusively of MT / AMT nature.
The measured value of the dynamic magnetic field has a fairly low value of H = 0.6 mG, characteristic for non-urban areas.
The measured value of the dynamic electric field has a value slightly higher than the usual: E = 30 V/m, indicating increased "electrical" activity at this location and the possible presence of longitudinal [10] electrodynamics vibration.
The temperature (T = 16.4 °C), humidity (Hum = 15%) and noise (No = -28 direly) are within normal values, pleasant for work and extremely favorable for apparatus operation.
Value Sc = 0.5, registered with measuring equipment Eq. 7, intended for scalar fields detection, indicates the presence of "scalar field" on this location.
Experimental life energy meter (Eq.8, LM 3) showed extremely high level of orgone energy at this location (Or >> 100) which is much higher than the average level.
The "E" field signal registered at the top of Rtanj, in the range from 0.1 kHz to 62.5 kHz, shown in Figure 1, indicate the really emphasized electrical activity in the frequency range from 17.5 kHz to 33.4 kHz. It is obvious that central part of that frequency segment is considerably raised. At the same footage a very strong signals at 23.7 kHz and 28.8 kHz are clearly visible.
It is more than interesting that the signals with similar frequency (22.5 kHz and 28 kHz) were registered in the localities in the Archaeological Park of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun [see ref. 2] with completely different equipment of the same type. Namely, instead of measuring equipment no 6 used in these measurements, during the measurement at the APBPS [2] a "Digital oscilloscope with FFT option, Agilent Technologies, DSO3202A, 200 MHz, 1GSa / sec" was used. However we have registered a signals whose frequency was very close to the frequency signal registered in this measurements at the top of Rtanj. This fact, despite their essentially different but harmonious dimensions1, indicates a "resonant consent" and energetic coherence of the Rtanj with facilities in APBPS!
Figure 2 is a recording of magnetic signal measurement in the range from 0.1 kHz to 62.5 kHz. On the magnetic signal frequency spectrum graph (shown in green) can be seen that in the same part of the frequency spectrum in which previous measurement was performed with "E" field probe, there was not registered any significant magnetic activity.
According to the definition (Wikipedia) of so-called "Hertzian" electromagnetic waves, classically, electromagnetic radiation consists of electromagnetic waves, which are synchronized oscillations of electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields that propagate at the speed of light through a vacuum. The diagram in the figure below shows the EM wave which propagates from left to right. The oscillations of the two E and H fields are cause and effect of each other, mutually perpendicular, and direction of energy and wave propagation (V) is perpendicular to both, forming a vectorial, transverse oscillating wave.
Comparing Figures 1 and 2, i.e. recordings of registered magnetic and electrical signals within corresponding frequency spectra (i.e. Fast Fourier Transform charts, FFT) clearly shows the complete absence of a magnetic component of the EM signal, indicating that registered energetic phenomena have a “longitudinal electro-dynamic” form [10].
It is shown in [3] that the layout of APBPS objects is extremely specific, in complete agreement with the wave mechanics rules, and that their geometry and theirs internal structure provide them all the key features that multi-dimensionally resonant systems have, giving them a possibility of the affirmatively-interferential processes of vibrations amplification and corresponding standing wave patterns creation!
Bearing in mind that the 3-dimensional standing waves are only a special case (of "stationary") "Torsional fields" [4], wherein the term "torsion field" implies a subtle-energy flows of NO-Gravitational and NO-ElectroMagnetic nature that in certain conditions of direct and reflected wave interactions and affirmatively-destructive interference processes occurring in a PARTICULAR MEDIUM WITH PROPER GEOMETRY AND STRUCTURE (including the "pyramidal", and sacral structures e.g.) create a Scalar field, or standing waves which may have a "standing" or a "slow moving" feature or can propagate with arbitrarily high speed – even over light speed velocity. According to Russian researchers [4] measurements, torsion fields are a billion times (109) faster than the light and therefore are more suitable phenomenon for inter-planetary communication than the classic (vectorial, transversal, i.e. “Hertzian”) electromagnetic waves.
Agreement of the Tesla technology principles and the measurement results illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 is completely full and is explained in detail in [5, 6]. Very unusual, but authentic and very well documented Tesla's statement2 that he does not use the "Hertzian" waves (defined above), but "WAVE of a “very different kind” which he called "Non-Hertzian" waves, and a more controversial one3 - that his most significant discovery was "... the discovery of stationary waves", unambiguously are supported with measurements figures 1 and 2, as well as the measurements presented in [2, 3]. This facts provides us an opportunity to claim that the detected phenomena at Rtanj actually are a "Tesla waves".
Figure 3 shows the "E" signal in the range from 0.1 to 12.5 Hz.
This frequency range largely correlates to the states of the human mind and, therefore, any activity in this part of the frequency spectrum is more than interesting. In fact, depending on the type of brain activity (states of consciousness), the human brain produces EM waves with appropriate pulsations speed that can be registered with the electro-encephalogram, known as EEG. In a relaxed but conscious state, EEG register waves with frequencies from 7 to 14 Hz, the so-called. "Alpha" waves and "theta" waves whose frequency is from 4 to 7 Hz. Frequency area below 4 Hz, named "Delta" waves, characterize a deep sleep state, and state of consciousness when the ratio is excluded. Rational, analytical mind generates a "beta" waves with a frequency above 14 Hz. It is more than interesting, indeed, that the so-called "Transpersonal communication" between persons with a "extra sensory perception" abilities takes place " simultaneously", exactly in the "alpha-theta-delta" area - so just in that area in which our measurements was done.
In Figure 3 frequency spectrum is shown in green and amplitude spectrum is in red. “E” signal amplitude recorded during the measurement interval of 200 seconds, or 3 minutes and 20 seconds, shows the emphasized electrical activity lasting about 6.2 seconds.
Since such signal is considered as "unusual", we repeated measuring with the same probe and with the same parameters and get a result shown in Figure 4. During the "E" signal measurement in the same frequency range from 0.1 to 12.5 Hz, in the new time interval of 200 sec, more "complex" electrical activity was registered with duration of about 48.4 seconds with an average periodicity of about 8 seconds (red colored graph on fig.4). It is more than interesting that such form of signal is characteristic for digital communication systems or systems for information transmission ...
In Figure 5, shown is the recording of the magnetic ("H") signal measurement in the range 0.1 - 12.5 Hz for 3 minutes and 20 seconds. In this frequency range and the time interval it was not observed any significant magnetic activity - which - bearing in mind the images of the "E" signal recordings in the same range (Fig. 3, 4) significantly disagree with the structure of classical, "Hertzian" EM wave form - so the energy phenomena registered in the figure 3 and 4 have mode that is more similar to the concept of "Tesla waves" also.
1Visočica hill (Pyramid of the Sun) altitude: P.S.alt= 782 m, Rtanj altitude: RT.Alt = 1565 m; P.S.Alt= RT.Alt /2 ! P.S.Alt= 782 m/4 = (in terms of a quarter wavelength in wave mechanics) = 196 m, that is almost identical to real height of Visocica hill PSHeight = 197 m !Pyramid of the Sun and Rtanj distance is exactly 300 km - that is decadal multiple of light velocity! Fact that operating frequency of the Nikola Tesla famous "World Wireless" Broadcasting system, Wardenklif tower, was just 28 kHz obviously is not strange nor accidental, bearing in mind that Tesla's is used Earth as a resonator ! Signals with same frequency of 28 kHz were detected on Rtanj in Serbia as well as on Pyramid of the Sun in Bosnia.
Note 2: Canadian Patent 142,352 – “Art of Transmitting Electrical Energy through the natural Medium”:
"… IT IS NECESSARY TO EMPLOY OSCILLATIONS IN WHICH THE RATE OF RADIATION OF ENERGY INTO SPACE IN THE FORM OF HERTZIAN OR ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IS VERY SMALL. To give an idea, I would say that the frequency should be smaller than twenty thousand per second, though shorter waves might be practicable. The lowest frequency would appear to be six per second, in which case there will be but one node, at or near the ground-plate, and paradoxical as it may seem, the EFFECT WILL INCREASE WITH THE DISTANCE and will be greatest in a region diametrically opposite the transmitter ...".“
Note 3: Nikola Tesla, Colorado Springs Notes; On July 3, 1899, Tesla claimed to have discovered "terrestrial stationary waves": “… I was very lucky to discover new and amazing phenomena, such as rotating magnetic field, glowing of wireless vacuum tubes and many other high frequency effects, which amazed the world, BUT WHAT IMPRESSED ME AS MORE BEAUTIFUL THAN ANYTHING ELSE WAS THE DISCOVERY OF STATIONARY WAVES, to which I came in 1899, and which showed that that the whole planet on which we live, despite its incomprehensible size, could be made to response with vibration to the lowest whisper of human voice. …”.
Final considerations
Any intention of bringing an associative relationship between modern information systems and a "pyramidal" interfaces and any connection of recorded signals form with the certain objects geometry, structure, topography, ..., - is quite unacceptable by the scientific establishment. However, the fact that the recording was performed by conventional measuring equipment (Eq. 1-6), applied by scientific methods, leaves us the ability to bring own conclusions according to individual knowledge, experience and beliefs.
In my opinion, measurements illustrated by figures 1 and 2, and particularly by figures 3, 4 and 5 speak in favor of Dr. Sam Osmanagich, Ph.D. idea presented in [7] according to which:
“ … The energy phenomena registered above the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun summons a different definition of the pyramids instead of the conventional, dogmatic explanations. The pyramids are energy amplifiers which have been sending and receiving information through the Sun. The discovery of the Tesla's Torsion Fields above the top of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun, travelling faster than the speed of light, withholding energy while passing through the cosmic bodies, empowers the concept of the existence of the Cosmic Internet providing almost instant, intergalactic communication in the Universe.”.
The reason is very simple. According to the elementary rules of wave mechanics, electromagnetism and topography of APBPS facilities unambiguously indicate the possibility that all these objects are constitutive elements of a unique complex, purpose-builted functional entity [2, 3].
Full consent of here presented measurements on Rtanj mountain and previously performed investigations in APBPS, despite of their significantly different, but harmonious dimensions (see footnote 1, page 5), indicates strong "resonant consent" and energetic coherence of Rtanj mountain with facilities in APBPS and also to the general analogy with Tesla technology, and therefore a full accordance with the cosmic principles that are woven into the structure of pyramidal facilities with "sufficiently correct" geometry.
Form of energy phenomena registered during this research mission, speaks in favor of the idea which we already have expressed in previous works - that Rtanj mountain, or APBPS objects have not been formed exclusively - as a result of stochastic, natural processes and a high probability that they however are artificial objects created (partly or in whole) by the careful planning of their shapes, internal structures and locations.
Numerical accordance of energetic phenomena frequencies registered on the Rtanj mountain and in APBPS, as well as their completely analogous "scalar" form - shown and registered in the form of electrodynamics vibration measurable with conventional, scientific equipment indicates a possible synchronously-simultaneous connection of these facilities. In this way, and Rtanj mountain becomes an integral element of "Intergalactic communication network of the Universe" [7].
Conclusion
Magnetoteluric and electrodynamics researches, realized in April 2017, the mission "Rtanj", Serbia, are entirely consistent with our previously performed theoretical and practical investigations. Executed measurements indicate a deep connection, analogy and numerical agreement of geometric, structural and topological parameters of Rtanj mountain with the physical parameters of the radiation frequency of 28 kHz, also with the expected values according to the EDQ Model [5], and – with Nikola Tesla measurings [8]!
Rtanj Mountain abruptly rises from the plains in the form of body limited with almost regular triangles thus making the "pyramidal structure" of extremely unusual geometry and structure (regular cavity, heterogeneous underground area - clusters, with different mechanical, magnetic and electrical conductivity) [more detail: 9], which gives it a very specific features of the “multidimensional resonance”. The base of Rtanj mountain is mainly composed of sandstone and rocks, and the higher parts consist of the limestone. All water flows through limestone, sinks, and then, in the lower parts, breaks out as a strong springs of water along the edge of the mountain.
This complex "mechanism" of watercourses combined with geometry and structural matrix of Rtanj mountain constitute a very sophisticated, subtle energy machine, purposefully constructed, probably with technologies unknown to us. Value Sc = 0.5, registered with measuring equipment 7, indicating the presence of "scalar field", support its phenomenology of subtle energy type as well as the value of Or >> 100 registered with "experimental life energy meter " (Eq.8, LZ 3), that indicates a very high level of orgone energy, which is significantly more than the average level.
While the numerous institutes around the world spend billions of Euros to the study "of ball lightning" whose functional mechanism hides a secret of controlled fusion, or torsion fields investigations - what is the current hit of the "mainstream" science - in "Laboratory of Nature, on Rtanj mountain, we have these phenomenon’s completely free!
Even if we ignore the measurements performed with unconventional equipment (Eq. 7, 8) for which we have listed the manufacturer name, model of the device and which energy phenomena they measure, remains - as undeniable fact - that the Rtanj mountain is very rich in subtle energy phenomena, and is location where, in recent years, were registered a number of controversial physical and physiological effects by a numerous researchers of a very wide range of specialties.
However, our research based on a scientific methodology and measurements performed with conventional measuring devices indicated the full mathematical and principle consent with the current scientific theories, also with the latest insights of modern science and - of course – with Tesla's technologies [8], respectively with the “principles of nature” - should be a great stimulus and impetus for new researches, theoretical and practical, as well as for free-thinking ideas that, perhaps, could lead humankind to new discoveries and the progress of our civilization.
Goran Marjanovic, BScE, Belgrade, 12.04.2017.
References:
[1] H. A. Pierce and D. B. Hoover (Electrical Survey of the Honey Lake Valley, Lassen County, California and Washoe County Nevada. US Geological Survey Box 25046, MS 964, DFC, Lakewood, CO 80225]. pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0668/report.pdf ,1988
[2] ELECTROMAGNETISM AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE BOSNIAN VALLEY OF THE PYRAMIDS, http://piramidasunca.ba/eng/latest-news/item/11009-new-report-electromagnetism-and-topography-of-the-bosnian-valley-of-the-pyramids.html
[3] SCALAR WAVES ON BOSNIAN PYRAMIDS, http://piramidasunca.ba/eng/latest-news/item/11219-scalar-waves-on-bosnian-pyramids.html
[4] A.E. Akimov, G.I. Shipov, "Torsion Fields and Their Experimental Manifestation," Proc. of the lnternat. Scientific Conf. on New Ideas in Natural Science, St.-Petersburg, Russia, June 1996.
[5] Energy Density Quantization model, http://users.beotel.net/~gmarjanovic/index.html
[6] Nikola Tesla - Prometheus of the New age, http://users.beotel.net/~gmarjanovic/NT_PrometeusNewAge.pdf
[7] DISCOVERY OF THE TESLA'S TORSION FIELDS ABOVE THE BOSNIAN PYRAMIDS, http://piramidasunca.ba/eng/latest-news/item/11413-discovery-of-the-teslas-torsion-fields-above-the-bosnian-pyramids.html
[8] Analogy of Tesla’s measurements , expected values by the KGE model and measurement results on Visočica, TESLA, SPACE-TIME AND BOSNIAN PYRAMID OF THE SUN, https://www.scribd.com/document/203964613/Tesla-Space-Time
[9] Centar za istraživanje i ekologiju Duh Rtnja, http://www.duhrtnja.com/
[10] K. J. van Vlaenderen, A. Waser: “Generalization of Classical Electrodynamics to Admit a Scalar Field and Longitudinal Waves”, Hadronic Journal 24, 609, 2001
Archaeoacoustic surveys at Alatri (Italy) - Preliminary results
Abstract - Following our experience gained from previous expeditions, we applied our archaeoacoustic technique (SBRG protocol) to look at an interesting question relating to the town of Alatri in Italy. At the highest point of the town there is an ancient acropolis and by archaeoacoustic methodologies we wanted to research if there is an explanation to why there was a megalithic temple on top of the hill, on which was subsequently built the present Cathedral of Alatri. Some vibrations seem to arise from the geological fault placed on the side of the hill where the town was built in ancient times.These frequencies would have increased the effect of rituals by enhancing the psyche of the participants due to the influence of these low vibrations on human brain waves. This suggests the builders of the temple had some sort of knowledge of this effect and explains why the temple was built on that location.
Keywords: archaeoacoustics, archaeo-acoustics, Alatri, polygonal walls, low frequencies, infrasound, SBRG, SB Research Group
At the end of August 2014 we undertook our final archaeoacoustical survey at the archaeological site of Alatri. After a year of research totaling three visits, we confirmed data previously collected using the acoustic survey digital recorder, and made some new discoveries. Using a Resonance Variable Camera (RVC) developed by new SBRG archaeoacoustics researcher, Daniele Gullà.
We already had experience using this equipment, when undertaking research at the Hypogeum of Cividale del Friuli (here and here). The RVC recently received a quality certification for scientific use. In this study the RVC was used to graphically confirm the presence of very intense infrasound in the Acropolis at Alatri, which was also present inside the second walled circle in the town. This confirms the importance of acoustic data obtained using our ultra-sensitive microphones.
The Resonance Variable Camera is a special type of camera designed to see both infrared and ultraviolet bands with the aid of a computer. Using dedicated software, it is capable of making optically visible subsonic vibrations between 0.1Hz to 12Hz, frequencies that not usually perceived by the human eye. This equipment has been used in the military field. In Alatri when viewed from the hill in front of the Acropolis the whole city vibrated in a subsonic way, in contrast to the surrounding mountains. The largest concentration of low-frequency vibrations were visible from inside the acropolis and inside the "navel", located to the north of the church which was built over the megalithic temple. Below are several images taken with different photographic equipment.
The first image shows Alatri taken from the hill opposite, the contrast was increased using resident software found inside our professional Olympus E-5 digital camera. Pay attention to the tree foliage on the bottom left of the picture.
Fig. 1 – Picture of Alatri taken from the opposite hill using a digital camera
The second image was taken using an infrared digital camera the same and angle as the first. This time, the tree foliage is white because the leaves absorb infrared rays.
Fig. 2 – The same shot as above, but using an infrared camera
The third image is the most interesting, it was taken with the Resonance Variable Camera (RVC) it consists of the standard deviation of thirty images taken from the same view.
In it the vibrant part of the hill, or rather the whole hill is colored red, so too is the tree foliage in the lower left corner, this is caused by the wind moving the leaves and branches. The surrounding hills appear black because they are not subject to the same vibration as Alatri hill.
Fig. 3 – Alatri hill from the same point of view, but shot with the Resonance Variable Camera (RVC): The red color indicates a frequency of vibration which is approximately 9-10Hz, as can be seen from the reference scale positioned under the main image
This data is comparable to that taken by the ultra-sensitive microphones and recorded by two different Tascam digital recorders, produced by TEAC Japanese company. There is a large volume of infrasound frequency vibration that affects the whole Alatri hill in the range of 8-9Hz. In addition there is a frequency of around 32Hz, in the audible field band that we found in previous missions. This most likely represents a harmonic of the main vibration.
Fig. 4 – Plots of the vibrations coming from underground taken at difference times inside Alatri Cathedral. The foundations of this church which was dedicated to St. Paul was made from the walls of the ancient pagan temple. In these graphs the frequency peaks of around 8-11Hz and 30-32Hz are visible
Thanks to the Resonance Variable Camera, we also observed other interesting phenomena at Alatri. For example, there are also other frequencies of vibration affecting the whole acropolis and in particular the cathedral. It seems that there is a simultaneous peak frequencies below 4Hz capable of generating fields of vibration in the air.
Fig. 5 - View of Alatri in the blue-violet colour palette as taken by the Resonance Variable Camera. Indicated by the arrows the resonance field at 2 Hz formed above the acropolis and in particular over the Cathedral
The following are some audible examples of the vibrations from the basement and how they are perceived in the church built over the temple. It is better to listen to this sound with stereo headphones with a large component of bass frequencies. If you listen to this in such way the sound file (here) is good for relaxing promoting concentration and meditation. It has a frequency of 8Hz with some harmonic frequencies in multiples between 8hz up to 32Hz (i.e. frequencies tuned to the vibration of the planet Earth).
The following MP3 file contains frequencies in the infrasonic range between 8Hz and 20Hz (frequencies above 20Hz were cut), these frequencies were then transposed over 20Hz to bring them into the audible range (here).
This same "pulsing" sound was also bought into the visible range using the Resonance Variable Camera. This was captured in the area above the so-called “navel” of the Acropolis, which is deeply immersed in the rock hill on which the pagan temple was built. Part of this rock still protrudes to the north of church built below the blocks of the temple (video). This rock works as a transducer for the vibrations coming from underground and submits them perfectly inside the Cathedral of Alatri. Interesting that the pulse vibration is not transmitted to the blocks of the original pagan temple, now basement of the church. Placed in the image below it is possible to see that the blocks of the ancient temple to the Resonance Variable Camera appear black, indicating the lack of vibration, as opposed to the underlying rock. This is due to the fact that the blocks are fitted together, but without a binder. This fact dampens the vibrations from underground and confirms the seismic character of this building that is still standing after thousands of years and many earthquakes.
Fig. 6 - Above: image of the original blocks of pagan temple without cement positioned to the north of the Acropolis. Below: the same image shot by the Resonance Variable Camera. The megalithic blocks appear black in colour because they do not transmit the vibrations coming from below the ground
Fig. 7 - The graph (0.1-12Hz) of the low frequency (subsonic) peaks detectable in the navel area of the Acropolis
Fig. 8 - Above: the Minor Gate of the Acropolis. Below: the sequence of images at the Minor Gate as taken by the Resonance Variable Camera. Clearly visible is the vibration found in this place, albeit to a lesser degree than at the “navel” of the Acropolis. Inside the gate the outline of a person can be seen sitting on the steps, they appear in a different color as they are vibrating at a different frequency
Fig. 9 - The graph of the frequencies present at the Minor Gate which are slightly different to those found at the navel of the acropolis
From what we have seen, these subsonic vibrations do not create a problem for the recipient. Rather, as with other sacred places, it can be assumed there existence is precisely the reason why the Acropolis and the temple, were built in that location as opposed to the neighbouring hills. Anyone who undertakes prayer or meditation inside the church has the potential to feel the effect of these subsonic vibrations, whose influence could ultimately lead to altered states of consciousness, or mystical experiences (usually only experienced after many years of training as with Buddhist monks).
To test this claim, we proceeded to test the depth of meditation that can be reached in a short timeframe with a small number of volunteers, seated on the so-called "navel" of the Acropolis (or inside the church). This navel forms part of the rock located to the north of the Cathedral, on which the ancient pagan temple was originally located and later became St. Paul's Cathedral, the Cathedral of Alatri. Part of this rock protrudes from the walls of the church basement, part is located deeply within the hillside and as such superbly transmits the subsonic vibrations coming from below the ground.
The depth of relaxation reached by the volunteers was also examined using the Resonance Variable Camera (RVC). This is possible by measuring the subtle body vibration, which looks at the response of the vestibular organ (inner ear), responsible for regulating the balance of the human body, and spacial awareness. If the subject in question is stressed some imperceptible bodyvibrations of his body increase and can be immediately detected by the RVC camcorder. However, if the subject is relaxed its vibrations diminish to become imperceptible even to the equipment. This last state is reached only in a state of deep meditation or in the state of vigil prayer.
In the first image below, there is a volunteer sitting on the rock beginning to concentrate. The camera framing the subject immediately notes that they are vibrating at a higher frequency than the rock (according to the scale of reference, the blue-green color is indicative of a frequency of 5-6Hz). Of note is that this volunteer was already in a state of relaxation and low stress having spent several hours on the acropolis.
Fig. 10 - The subject under examination starts from a state of relaxation having spent several hours on the acropolis
After few minutes of meditation, the subject begins to vibrate at a slower and slower frequency indicating a deep meditative state. After a few minutes of concentration whilst present on the rock, they vibrate at such a low frequency (less than one Hz) it becomes difficult for the camera to distinguish them from the rock.
Fig. 11 - After a few minutes, the volunteer’s frequency of vibration is so low, it becomes indistinguishable from the rock when viewed through the Variable Resonance Imaging Camera
It is an experience that works in the best way in trained subjects for prayer or meditation, but also visible in younger subjects and certainly not trained as we also occurred to a 9 year old girl. In these last subject you can only get a state of relaxation very pronounced, but which surely acts as an anti-stress.
Fig. 12 - The rock placed in the navel of the Acropolis leads volunteer subjects into a coherent state during meditation. The frequency average varies from person to person and is dependent on the length of time they are exposed to the vibration
The Resonance Variable Camera is an extraordinary device because it is able to provide an indication of the mental state of the subject by monitoring the vibrations from the vestibular apparatus, which is directly influenced by the mental state of the person in question.
But the use of the RVC technique has also shown how ancient places revered as sacred have an influence on the state of consciousness of those visiting them for prayer or meditation.
Fig. 13 - Above: the image of Alatri Cathedral viewed from the inside. In the foreground is the researcher Daniele Gullà with the RVC at work. Below: the image of the vibrations from below the earth (red colour) taken with the RVC camera that affects the church. This image is the composite of many shots
Fig. 14 - The entire church and the people sitting inside it seem to get into a state of harmonic resonance (somewhere between 0.1 Hz and 3 Hz) when concentrated in meditation or prayer
Fig. 15 - Inside the church all psychophysiological data issued by the RVC software seems to confirm that states of aggression and stress are remarkably low. The volunteer subjects in meditation can easily achieve a deep state of concentration reaching a consistent theta wave state without interruption
Fig. 16 - Outside the church on the opposite side of the Acropolis, the physicochemical parameters measured from the RVC equipment appear different, and the relaxing effect of the place seems more nuanced compared to inside the perimeter of the temple
In the coming months, after the conclusion of data analysis, we will produce a scientific paper to be published in the international literature that summarize the phenomena reported in this extraordinary site.
Paolo Debertolis, Daniele Gullà - September 15, 2014
References
[1] Aveni A, Capone G (1985). Possible Astronomical Reference in the Urbanistic Design of Ancient Alatri, Lazio, Italy. Archeoastronomy. Vol VIII, n 1-4: 12-15
[2] Boezi G (2013) In Caput Anguli (1st edition). Associazione Culturale “Le Mura”. Alatri.
[3] Capone G (1989). L’orientazione solstiziale dell’antica città di Alatri. Rivista di Archeologia. Suppl. n°9 (Archeologia e Astronomia): 60-65
[4] Capone G (1982). La Progenie Hetea, annotazioni mitico-storiche su Alatri antica. Tofani Litografo in Alatri. Alatri
[5] Debertolis P, Savolainen HA (2012) The phenomenon of resonance in the Labyrinth of Ravne (Bosnia-Herzegovina). Results of testing. In: Proceedings of ARSA Conference (Advanced Research in Scientific Areas), Bratislava (Slovakia), December, 3 – 7, 2012: 1133-36.
[6] Debertolis P, Bisconti N (2013) Archaeoacoustics in ancient sites. In: Proceedings of the “1st International Virtual Conference on Advanced Scientific Results” (SCIECONF 2013), Zilina (Slovakia) June, 10 - 14, 2013: 306-310.
[7] Debertolis P, Bisconti N (2013) Archaeoacoustics analysis and ceremonial customs in an ancient hypogeum”, Sociology Study, Vol.3 no.10: 803-814.
[8] Debertolis P, Mizdrak S, Savolainen H (2013) The Research for an Archaeoacoustics Standard. In: Proceedings of 2nd ARSA Conference (Advanced Research in Scientific Areas), Bratislava (Slovakia), December, 3 – 7, 2013: 305-310.
[9] Debertolis P, Tirelli G, Monti F (2014) Systems of acoustic resonance in ancient sites and related brain activity. In: Proceedings of Conference "Archaeoacoustics. The Archaeology of Sound", Malta, February 19 - 22, 2014: 59-65.
[10] Debertolis P, Bisconti (2014) Archaeoacoustics analysis of an ancient hypogeum in Italy. In: Proceedings of Conference "Archaeoacoustics. The Archaeology of Sound", Malta, February 19-22, 2014: 131-139
[11] Debertolis P, Tentov A, Nikolić D, Marianović G, Savolainen H, Earl N (2014) Archaeoacoustic analysis of the ancient site of Kanda (Macedonia). In: Proceedings of 3rd ARSA Conference (Advanced Research in Scientific Areas), Zilina (Slovakia), December, 1 – 5, 2014
[12] Debertolis P, Gullà D, Richeldi F (2014) Archaeoacoustic analysis of an ancient hypogeum using new TRV camera (Variable Resonance Camera) technology. In: Proceedings of the “2nd International Virtual Conference on Advanced Scientific Results” (SCIECONF 2014), Žilina (Slovakia) June, 9 - 13, 2014: 323-329.
[13] De Cara CA (1902). Gli Hethei-Pelasgi. Vol.3. Chap. XVII. Tipografia Academia dei Lincei. Roma: 289-302
[14] Petit-Radel LCF (1861) Recherches sur les Monuments Cyclopéens. Imprimerie Royale. Paris
[15] Mira y Lopez E (1979) Psicodiagnostico Miokinetico (P.M.K), Editorial Paidos, Buenos Aires
Previous articles on research Alatri here and here
We would like to thank Don Antonio Castagnacci for his availability to grant us the opportunity to make recordings, including inside the Basilica - Cathedral of St. Paul (Cathedral of Alatri) and for his help, also to his collaborator Mr. Sisto Macciocca.
We also thank in particular the independent researcher Ornello "Paolo" Tofani for the documentation and the extraordinary support provided for our research for more than a year. Without him, none of this would have been possible.
Edited by Nina Earl
Conclusion and theory about Rtanj Mountain - The crossroad at 40KHz
TAG: pyramids, Rtanj, pyramid Rtanj, electromagnetic waves, ultrasounds, infrasounds, voice pyramid, SBRG, SB Research Group, Spirit Rtanj, Centro Studi cosmological Nikola Tesla, Demiurg, Zepter International Creative Group
Fig. 1 - The site in South-East Serbia
Fig. 2 - The researchers at work during that night
For me, as a sound engineer this sounded first like a normal sinus waveform signal, but this was something else. First, the frequency band was wrong for being a radio signal and it seemed to correlate somehow with the local ultrasound field of nature, which is very unusual.
Fig. 3 - The graphic aspect of the signal (click to enlarge)
Rtanj area is mostly like a wilderness without dense population and urban influence. These recordings was carried out without any interference of external emissive electronic devices.
This spectogram shows the continuity of the "carrier" signal with full measuring range and length of the sample.
Fig. 4 - The spectogram of the signal (click to enlarge)
This spectogram shows the permuting frequency range of the "carrier" signal with measuring range of 38kHz-42kHz.
Fig.5 - The "carrier" (click to enlarge)
As you can see in these spectrums of the recording, the "carrier" signal is vibrating to natural atmospheric sounds or wise versa.
This is zoomed shape of the signal with average frequency mark.
Fig. 7 - The shape of the signal (click to enlarge)
These are few shapes of normally generated wave signals.
Fig. 8 - Normal wave signals (click to enlarge)
After about half on hour in a nearby hostel we lived, I tried to repeat the recording result but the signal was gone. In 6 different locations we made recordings in the Rtanj area, this signal never appeared. Also 3 measuring times in the same "crossroads" location showed no trace of this anomaly again.
The flora and fauna in that area is very rich and normal atmospheric ultrasound spectrum they cause is "loud" there day and night in summer. In November 2013 the same place was completely silent = natural for that season of the year.
All this data gathering on site was made with Pettersson D1000x Bat Detector nr.375. All analyzing made by HssPro.
These are 4 & 5 octaves downshifted m4a-compressed sorted audio clips from original 768kHz -files.
They are showing soundwise an interaction with the "carrier"-wave and the surrounding nature; grasshoppers, bats, crickets and birds.
It is possible that this phenomena is somehow related to unusual geological formations in the Rtanj area.
The "data sonification" method is useful for affirming visual information with true audible anomaly experience.
© Heikki Savolainen/HssPro - 14 May, 2014
The Research for an Archaeoacoustics Standard
The right approach to this new complementary science for archaeology
Paolo Debertolis*, Slobodan Mizdrak**, Heikki Savolainen***
*Department of Medical Sciences - University of Trieste
**DEMIURG, Institution for Energy and IT - Zagreb, Croatia
*** HSS Production, Audiovisual Impressions Helsinki, Finland
Scientific paper presented at Congress “The 2nd Virtual International Conference on Advanced Research in Scientific Areas” (ARSA-2013) Slovakia, December 2 - 6, 2013.
Original paper for download here
Abstract — Research into archaeoacoustics and physical phenomena in ancient sites is still very much at the developmental stage. Currently there is no practical standard to study this complementary discipline of archaeology. During the three years our group has been studying archaeoacoustics and natural phenomena, we have been able to explain some enigmas of ancient archaeological sites that were not possible to explain in other ways.
Following our experience, we spent time in our laboratories developing an archaeoacoustic protocol that can be applied to the investigatation of any archaeological site. Indeed it is important to define a standard at international level so that other researchers can use the same methodology to repeat previous findings.
Keywords: archaeoacoustics, infrasounds, low frequencies, ultrasound, SBRG standard, archaeology, SBSA
1 - Introduction
Archaeoacoustics is a new complementary discipline for archaeology that can explain why a particular ancient site was considered sacred, or why an ancient structure was built or carved in stone. We start from the concept that the ancient times were not silent and noiseless. Indeed, music and the vibrations produced by instruments were the highest kind of culture in human civilization for along time. Through research it is possible to demonstrate that in the Neolithic and later periods the knowledge of acoustic phenomena was well known and used in the rituals of that period [2,3,4]. Research over three years by SBRG has shown ancient populations were able to influence their perception of the human body using sound to obtain different states of consciousness, without the use of drugs or other chemical substances. Further, ancient people were able to detect natural phenomena to create a similar state of altered consciousness [2,3,4].
Other researchers have found similar results in their research, but without a common protocol it has not been possible to compare different sites with similar characteristics [5,6,7,8,9,10].
As a result, SBRG group developed a new standard that can be applied to the analysis of ancient sites in Europe and the rest of the world. We called it SB Research Group Standard for archaeoacoustics or SBSA for short.
2 - The archaeoacoustics research field
There are two main fields of archaeoacoustic research analysis; the first concerns the study of the resonance or reverberation phenomenon of ancient structures built for a particular purpose for example, rituals, music, or speaking performances. The second concerns looking at ancient sites with a natural phenomena that have a direct effect on the human body and brain in particular.
In the first field, it is necessary to analyse sites using electronic sound generators at the beginning of the research.
After identifying the right frequency, other characteristics such as the best knots, the optimum position to achieve a resonance effect, or the best effect for a musical instrument or voice are considered. This is not a great problem as an electronic sound generator is easy to use as there are a lot of simple computer programs which can generate the required range. SBRG’s method uses a laptop with active speakers (portable battery or mains electricity operated). Testing of the acoustic properties of instruments is carried out using a shamanic drum (made from animal skin as opposed to synthetic material), the human voice is tested using harmonic songs which maintain the same note for a long time. SBRG uses both male and female singers for this purpose.
In the second field of study, the analysis must be more detailed and complex. Many ancient sites have been considered “sacred” for thousands of years, with a number of structures built on the same place throughout history. So the analysis should not be limited to the present structure, but also to it surroundings.
“Sacred sites” are those geographical locations that a particular social group deems worthy of respect and veneration; typically places of worship and/or used for other spiritual or religious purposes. As such, they can be desecrated or defiled, hence are protected in one way or another. The ancient Greeks used the term ‘topos’ to refer to the physical, observable features of a locale, and the word ‘chora’ to refer to those qualities of a location that could trigger the imagination evoking a mythical presence [7].
SBRG has tried several analysis methods to verify our results, after three years of archaeoacoustic research conducted in the South of England, Italy, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia we have produced a sophisticated and reliable standard which can be used by any researcher in archaeology to test a sacred location.
Fig. 1 - The study of the resonance effect using the SBRG protocol inside the ruins of the South-West tower in the imperial palace Felix Romuliana (III century a.C.) in Gamzigrad, Serbia
3 - Ultrasounds, infrasounds and audible low frequencies
There are many scientific papers that state mechanical vibrations can have a positive or negative influence on our health, with several predominant sources of naturally occurring ultrasounds, very low frequency and infrasound found in the environment [3]. Depending on age and gender, humans can perceive sounds in the range of 20hz to 20Khz, in some cases sounds above 14-18Khz are not audible to the human ear. Careful measurements have shown that hearing does not abruptly stop at 20Hz, but the ear can register infrasound if the sound pressure is sufficient. Frequencies above 20Khz are considered ultrasound whilst frequencies below 20Hz are considered infrasound [14].
Low frequency sound has a relatively long wavelength and low material absorption rate, hence it has the ability to travel vast distances. These properties make it possible to achieve a profound effect on vast tracts of acoustic space with the production of high sound pressure level acoustic waves. Low frequency sound is non directional in it’s propagation and therefore has the effect of enveloping the individual without any discernable localized source.
Natural low vibrations with an absence of high pressure can have a positive influence on human health, some people perceive very low-frequency sounds as a sensation rather than a sound. Infrasounds may also cause feelings of awe or fear in humans, given they are not consciously perceived, it may make people feel that odd or supernatural events are taking place [15]. It is possible to hypothesize that where there are a lot of natural low vibrations present, ancient populations considered these sites to be “sacred”.
The same argument could be applied to natural ultrasounds. The upper frequency hearing limit in humans of approximately 20,000Hz is due to limitations of the middle ear, which acts as a low-pass filter. However, if ultrasound is fed directly into the human skull bypassing the middle ear to reach the cochlea then it is then possible to hear these frequencies through bone conduction [11]. Because in humans the upper limit pitch of hearing tends to decrease with age, children are able to hear some high frequency sounds that adults cannot [16]. Ultrasounds are well known and used in the medical field. Ultrasonography is a diagnostic medical imaging technique used to visualize many internal organs with real time tomographic images. Ultrasound is used for healing inflamed tissue and for therapeutic applications or in dentistry for cleaning tartar from teeth. Although the long term effects of exposure to ultrasound at strong intensity are still unknown, medicine currently considers the benefits to patients outweigh the risks. In contrast to medical applications, ultrasound has also been studied as a basis for sonic weapons, due to its direct effect on the human body and nervous system. Applications that have been developed include riot control through the disorientation of attackers with lethal levels of ultrasound used like a gun. In fact high frequencies can readily be absorbed by materials and being highly directional they have been incorporated into the design of acoustic weapons. It is probable that natural emissions of ultrasounds were heard by very young people of ancient civilizations as a supernatural sound, but in the rest of the population these were felt only as a good or bad sensation relative to the perceptible frequencies in a particular location along with the mystical aspect of the site.
4 - Materials and methods
Because archaeological sites can sometimes be influenced by electro-magnetic pollution, it is important to use sophisticated devices to avoid poor results. Likewise researchers have a chronic need for research funding, and should not have to spend too much on the necessary equipment. Use of gain control in recording devises is very delicate. In silent places, maximum gain for recording is used. In more noisy environments gain is determined with 0,775V/0dB AES/EBU standard.
The equipment used by our group consisted of dynamic high-end recorders extended in the ultrasound field with a maximum sampling rate of 192KHz (Tascam DR-680) or sampling rate of 96KHz (Tascam DR-100 and Zoom H4N equipment).
The microphones used have a wide dynamic range and a flat response at different frequencies (Sennheiser MKH 3020, frequency response of 10Hz - 50.000Hz) with shielded cables (Mogami Gold Edition XLR) and gold-plated connectors.
Fig. 2 - The extremely flat response of Sennheiser MKH 3020 microphones with a greater sensitivity both in low frequencies and infrasound than in the ultrasound field
Ultrasensitive omnidirectional microphones (Aquarian H2a-XLR Hydrophone, frequency response from 10Hz to 100,000Hz) are used to accurately obtain any possible resonance response from the water in the bottom of the chambers. This type of microphone has a wide bandwidth and is used by sea biologists to hear whale song several kilometers away. Sound is transmitted very quickly in water, with the body of water acting as a reflector capable of capturing the resonant vibrations [2,3].
For Ultrasounds we use a Pettersson D1000x ultrasound detector with a 500Hz-305kHz audio recording range. This is a light and easy to use device but the most expensive piece of equipment.
Pro Tools ver. 9.06 software for Mac is used to analyze the various recorded tracks, Praat program version 4.2.1 from the University of Toronto and Audacity open-source program version 2.0.2, both for Windows PC are also used.
Before recording a spectrum analyzer (Spectran NF-3010 from the German factory Aaronia AG)was used to search for electromagnetic phenomena that could be present in the surrounding environment leading to a potential negative influence on the results.
After three years of archaeoacoustic experience, in September 2013 the SBRG research team members gathered in Zagreb (Croatia) at the Demiurg D.O.O laboratories to develop an archaeoacoustic protocol designing a standard applicable to any archaeological site. Indeed it is important to define such a standard at international level so that other researchers can apply the same methodology to repeat previous detection. Most of the constructive criticism of our archaeoacoustic papers received over the last year, concerned a possibility that radio waves could have contaminated and tainted our results by infiltrating the ultra-sensitive microphones used. This is a possibility because condenser microphones are sensitive to radio waves, but only if these radio waves are very powerful and very close [2,3,4].Besides mobile phones (which are always strictly switched off, with the battery removed, because even when turned off mobiles phones regularly give the user's location through occasional pulses) the main concern was from radio waves originating from unusual terrestrial electromagnetic fields; either from the abnormal diffusion of the magnetic field or from tectonic movements of the Earth's crust. In order to rule out any possibility of the above, the physics researcher of the group, S. Mizdrak, designed simple electromagnetic sensors (coils) that could be used at the same time as microphones, these were plugged into the digital recorder normally used in archaeoacoustics (which has six to eight channels/three or four stereo tracks).
Fig. 3 - The eight-track digital interface (MOTU 896mk3 fw 800 digital interface) that was used to connect the various microphones and sensors to the computer. Ipad is used for fast musical key/frequency detection
The test used microphones for the air diffusion of sound (Sennheiser), underwater microphones (Hydrophones) and ultrasound detector (Pettersson D 1000X which directly transforms ultrasounds into audible sounds) as well as two sensors (Demiurg) with different electromagnetic wave sensitivity. These can detect if there are any magnetic fields nearby, whilst simultaneously recording sound vibrations, thereby giving more reliable results. The graph on the computer shows different waves recorded from each source.
Fig. 4 – This image shows the six tracks (three-track stereo) obtained from the digital recorder. The two graphs in the middle were obtained from electromagnetic sensors with different sensitivity, these highligh some of the noises picked up by one of the sensors, while the other tracks show the recorded sounds from the microphones (these monitoring operations were carried out in the laboratory in Zagreb)
A trained researcher can distinctively hear an anomalous vibration when the headphones are connected to the equipment. The graphic confirms the sound anomaly within a few minutes.
In order to derive the basic guidelines for archaeoacoustics, the equipment was tested in the areas of Piljenice, Sisačko-Moslavačka (Croatia), located about 100 kilometers from Zagreb. This area is totally surrounded by the Croatian plain and it is completely free from anomalous electromagnetic phenomena, thus it was used to create a baseline with the absence of acoustic or electromagnetic anomalies.
Once the basic archaeoacoustic standard has been determined it is possible to check whether a particular archaeological site has any acoustic or electromagnetic phenomenon, either induced or natural, that can affect the psyche of a person. It is now possible to immediately identify a spurious phenomenon resulting from any human activity in the area that can affect the recordings made at a specific archaeological site. For this purpose and to have a comparison, recordings were also collected from an industrial environment of Zagreb where there are very high-levels of electromagnetic pollution.
One of the most important aspects of archaeoacoustics is to avoid any electromagnetic interference with the equipment. The above method has resolved this problem.
Fig. 5 – A small lake in the Pilijenice area was used for baseline calculations with Aquarian Hydrophones submerged in water
Fig. 6 – The high end Tascam DR-680 digital recorder
Fig. 7 – The new sensors with different sensitivity (300Ω) built in Demiurg laboratories (Zagreb) which transform electromagnetic impulses from the environment, into electrical impulses used by the digital recorder
The Equipment
2 PC computers and one mac pro
MOTU 896mk3 digital interface fw 800
ProTools 9.0.6 editing software
BatSound 4.0 audio analyzing software
Audacity audio editing software
Praat phonetics analyze software
2 Sennheiser mkh 3020 condenser microphones (10-50.000Hz)
2 Aquarian N2a hydrophones (10-100.000Hz)
4 Electromagnetic ”Demiurg” (300Ω) sensors
1 Tascam (Teac group) DR-680 6-track digital portable recorder at 192 kHz sampling rate, 24-bit
1 Pettersson D1000x ultrasound detector
2 Genelec active studio speakers for researching resonance effect
Audio and electromagnetic recording range: 10Hz-96kHz. (with Pettersson device 500Hz-305kHz audio recording range).
Tab. 1 - Scheme for simultaneous recording analyze 6-tracks of 192kHz audio
Feed 1: microphone
Feed 2: hydrophone
Feed 3: electromagnetic sensor 1
Feed 4: electromagnetic sensor 2
Feed 5: Pettersson frequency division algorithm
Feed 6: Pettersson heterodyne algorithm
Tab. 2 – Scheme for simultaneous recording analyze 6-tracks of 192kHz audio
The electromagnetic sensors built by Demiurg are very easy for anyone with practical knowledge of electronic devices to build. Without entering into too technical a description, they consist of two little condensers and one copper coil. The different diameter of the coil modifies the sensitivity of the device. The frequency response is linear from 5Hz to 99.5KHz to cover any frequency (VLF, Very Low Frequencies and LF, Low Frequencies radio waves) that could influence the microphones. It can also point out natural emissions present in an archaeological site.
5 - Discussions and results
The standard is based for using the same recording timeline for audio and electromagnetic waves. This makes possible to analyze precise moment simultaneously in every track. Once the basic standard of archaeoacoustics has been determined it is possible to check whether a particular archaeological site has any acoustic or electromagnetic phenomenon, either induced or natural, that can affect our equipments. It is now equally possible to immediately identify a spurious phenomenon resulting from current human activity in the area, which could affect the recordings made in a specific archaeological site.
The SB Research Group Standard for archaeoacoustics (SBSA) has since been tested in archaeological sites in Europe.
Fig. 8 – Measuring in Felix Romuliana palace
For example, the electromagnetic (Demiurg) sensors were used at the imperial palace Felix Romuliana (Gamzingrad, Serbia) in November 2013. Here it was possible to identify a spurious source of electromagnetic impulses from a military base in the neighbourhood that appeared initially as an anomaly in our initial archaeoacoustic measurements. This showed up in the sound graphic as an anomalous wave (50-60kHz) we were subsequently able to eliminate a human made sound from the site. Searching nearby, we found the real source of this anomaly, a military beacon (see figure 8).
Fig. 9 – The military beacon at a base some kilometres from the Roman imperial palace of Felix Romuliana
To avoid any electromagnetic pollution that could invalidate the results, a quick computer analysis was carried out.
This method was used at all archaeological sites where it was possible to identify any noise interference. However, using this method it is not possible to eliminate the source of the interference, the process of clearing the recordings has to be done in the audio studio with this taken into consideration.
Fig. 10 – The electromagnetic sensor spectrogram. Above: silent natural situation, below: aspect of electromagnetic interference
6 - Conclusions
Microphones were also subject to numerous tests in the Zagreb laboratory to investigate their sensitivity to electromagnetic phenomena by means of a radio wave generator, which provided further evidence of the very low sensitivity to radio waves of the shielded cables and of all the equipment used for the tests. The latter should finally put the word “end” to all criticism raised some time ago over the inaccuracy of the method. Indeed the results strongly confirm all the data previously published by the research group [2,3,4].The newly-devised procedure (SBSA protocol) will be used in all future archaeoacoustic studies by SBRG and it constitutes a repeatable standard of reference for anyone doing research within the archaeoacoustic field. It is a simple, easy to use method not too expensive for any researcher who wants to test the archaeoacoustic characteristics of an ancient site. Archaeoacoustics is an interesting and easy method to use to understand a lot of information from an archaeological which is not possible to obtain in any other way.
Acknowledgement
SBRG are grateful to Department of Medical Sciences of the University of Trieste (Italy) for supporting this research and in particular to the Director, professor Roberto Di Lenarda.
Also our thanks to Pettersson Elektronik, Uppsala, Sweden.
A sincere thank you to our scientific assistant, Nina Earl, for her support in the drawing up of this paper.
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